An Integrative Review of Herbal and Complementary Therapies in the Management of Vaginal Infections

Abstract

Vaginal infections represent one of the most prevalent gynecological conditions affecting women across all age groups, with vulvovaginal candidiasis being the most frequently reported fungal etiology. Candida albicans, a commensal organism of the vaginal microbiota, may become pathogenic under conditions such as immune suppression, hormonal imbalance, antibiotic overuse, and lifestyle factors, leading to recurrent and persistent infections. Although conventional antifungal and antibacterial therapies remain the cornerstone of treatment, their repeated use is often associated with adverse effects, resistance development, and high recurrence rates. Consequently, interest has grown in herbal and complementary therapeutic approaches that offer multi-targeted, safer, and culturally accepted alternatives.

Traditional systems of medicine, including Ayurveda, Unani, and ethnomedicine, describe numerous botanicals with antifungal, anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, and probiotic-supporting properties. This review critically examines the etiology and classification of vaginal infections, limitations of conventional therapy, ethnopharmacological evidence, experimental and clinical studies on herbal interventions, and lifestyle-based supportive measures for vaginal health. Emphasis is placed on herbal formulations, single-plant remedies, and integrative strategies that promote vaginal comfort, microbial balance, and long-term wellness.